How complicated is trying to scientifically study gender? Why does it feel like water get discovered on Mars every other month? And what's so great about these pigeons I see everywhere?Images we talk about:The Brain Gender ChartThe Jacobin PigeonThe Pouter PigeonSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:38) Gender Complexity(00:42:27) Mars Water Deja Vu(01:18:16) Pigeons(01:38:21) OutroWe also learn about: Caroline snipes Tom’s joke, let’s talk about sex, “I do it and I have one”, sex is a bimodal distribution, defining sex is like defining a tree, have you ever had a gender that… that…, women men girls and boys, gender as separate from sex, Money’s awful gender experiment, sample size: David, why haven’t they just tried… talking to people? Hasbro lobbying Big Hormone pink and blue brains have a lot of overlap, news of mars water is like news of the first gay Disney character, we found a full britta filter on mars, the first water on mars theory, Herschel thought people lived in the sun, all the things we’ve sent to mars, the “““first””” evidence of water on mars, “““recent””” water on mars, saying we found water on mars makes it sound like we’re tackling the same problem over and over, we’re learning all kinds of stuff about mars, yes there’s water on mars but first let’s define water, gender neutral martians, “sublimate” makes Caroline happy, there is sometimes and maybe water on mars, there definitely used to be water on mars, martian time periods, stop personifying mars Caroline, “the planet Vulcan’; the astronomers still watching intently”, the precovery of Pluto 15 years before its discovery, the rock dove became the pigeon, pigeons were  domesticated multiple times, pigeons may be the first domesticated bird, 350 breeds of domesticated pigeons, met gala pigeon looks, endurance pigeons flying for 22 hours, homing pigeon navigation, reddit quotes, the pigeon origins of Reuters, these are kinds of jokes you can support with your donation, listener submitted comeback, world war pigeons, 36 Dickin Medals went to pigeons, feral domestic pigeons, pigeons are better pets than parrots, stress egg laying, Darwin loved pigeons.Sources:Sex and Gender by Archer and Lloyd, 2002.A Brief History of ‘Gender’Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl PEW: On Gender Differences, No Consensus on Nature vs. Nurture2008 Paper: The Nature and Nurture of Gender1993 Paper: Physical attractiveness of boys with gender identity disorder2019 Paper: Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientationCleveland Clinic: Androgens2022 paper: Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity2020 Paper: Brain Sex Differences Related to Gender Identity Development: Genes or Hormones?2020 Paper: Neuroscience and Sex/Gender: Looking Back and ForwardPBS: Map of Gender Diverse Cultures Article: Indigenous Tribes Embraced Gender Fluidity Prior to ColonisationMIT: Gender Pay GapSTEM Women: The Gender Pay Gap in STEM---Early Mars Ovservations and the CanalsWilliam Herschel on Mars to the Royal SocietyBasalla on Herschel's Sun People TheoryLowell to Nature on Life on MarsLowell's Mars Canal ObsessionList of Mars MissionsVox's Mars Water ArticleNasa 2015 Press ReleaseNasa 2017 Walk Back Press ReleaseNYTimes 2015 Water on MarsNYTimes 2018 Lake on MarsSpace.com 2022 Water could be Magma"Recent" Water Found on MarsAsk a Nasa Scientist "Is There Water on Mars"Stability of the Liquid Water Phase on MarsNasa on Mars In DepthSmithsonian Magazine Water on MarsNYTimes Planet Vulcan Reporting 1876The Precovery of Pluto---Wendall Levi: Pigeon GuyJacobin PigeonPouter PigeonSquabsGilbert & Shapiro: Pigeon DomesticationDomestic Pigeons PaperWhy Pigeons, Not Parrots